The outcome of endoscopic management of bile leakage after hepatobiliary surgery

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Despite improvements in surgical techniques and postoperative patient care, bile leakage can occur after hepatobiliary surgery and may lead to serious complications. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic treatment of bile leakage after hepatobiliary surgery. METHODS: The medical records of 20 patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography because of bile leakage after hepatobiliary surgery from August 2009 to September 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. Endoscopic treatment included insertion of an endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage stent after endoscopic sphincterotomy. RESULTS: Most cases of bile leakage presented as percutaneous bile drainage through a Jackson-Pratt bag (75%), followed by abdominal pain (20%). The sites of bile leaks were the cystic duct stump in 10 patients, intrahepatic ducts in five, liver beds in three, common hepatic duct in one, and common bile duct in one. Of the three cases of bile leakage combined with bile duct stricture, one patient had severe bile duct obstruction, and the others had mild strictures. Five cases of bile leakage also exhibited common bile duct stones. Concerning endoscopic modalities, endoscopic therapy for bile leakage was successful in 19 patients (95%). One patient experienced endoscopic failure because of an operation-induced bile duct deformity. One patient developed guidewire-induced microperforation during cannulation, which recovered with conservative treatment. One patient developed recurrent bile leakage, which required additional biliary stenting with sphincterotomy. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic approach should be considered a first-line modality for the diagnosis and treatment of bile leakage after hepatobiliary surgery.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Associated with Tophaceous Deposition in Flexor Digitorum Tendons

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common peripheral entrapment neuropathy. We report on the first Korean case of carpal tunnel syndrome induced by tophaceous deposition in flexor digitorum tendons of a patient with chronic gout. A 63-year-old male suffered from numbness, decreased sensation over both median nerve distribution, and weakness of thenar muscle for 3 years. Physical examinations revealed positive Tinel's sign and Phalen's test and thenar qjmuscle atrophy was found on both hands. In nerve conduction study, there was no action potential of the sensory and motor of the bilateral median nerve. Ultrasonography showed increased cross-sectional area of median nerve due to tophaceous deposition in flexor digitorum tendons in the carpal tunnel. Dual-energy computed tomography showed diffuse multifocal green color coding tophaceous deposition within the carpal tunnel. His neuropathic symptoms improved after injection of triamcinolone into the carpal tunnel and administration of oral medication including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine.

Spontaneous abdominal intramuscular hematoma in a non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patient under cilostazol therapy / 영남의대학술지

Spontaneous intramuscular hematoma of the abdominal wall is a rare condition characterized by acute abdominal pain. It is often misdiagnosed as a surgical condition. It used to be associated with risk factors such as coughing, pregnancy, and anticoagulant therapy. Most cases of abdominal wall hematomas were rectus sheath hematomas caused by the rupture of either the superior or inferior epigastric artery, but spontaneous internal oblique hematoma was extremely rare. In this report, we present a case of spontaneous internal oblique hematoma in a 69-year-old man with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease who was taking cilostazol. The patient complained of abrupt abdominal pain with a painful palpable lateral abdominal mass while sleeping. The abdominal computed tomography showed an 8 cm-sized mass in the patient's left internal oblique muscle. The administration of cilostazol was immediately stopped, and the intramuscular hematoma of the lateral oblique muscle disappeared with conservative management.

Muscle Weakness in a Patient with History of Poliomyelitis: A Differential Diagnosis for Post-polio Syndrome (PPS) and Dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis (DM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, characterized by inflammation of the proximal skeletal muscles and typical skin manifestations, which results in symmetric muscle weakness. A 43-year-old man was presented with skin rash and left leg weakness, and he had a history of poliomyelitis. Initially, he was diagnosed as having post-polio syndrome (PPS) due to unilateral muscle weakness and a result of an the electromyography (EMG), which had shown patterns of PPS. After 4 months with conservative therapy for PPS, weakness of bilateral upper arms had developed and skin rashes on his entire body had aggravated and progressed. He was diagnosed as having dermatomyositis, based on elevated muscle enzyme levels, typical skin rashes, and typical EMG findings, which indicated muscle disease. When a patient with previous poliomyelitis has a newly developed muscle weakness or pain, we should consider various possible causes other than PPS.

A Case of Recurrent Small Bowel Obstruction caused by a Mesodiverticular Band of Meckel Diverticulum / 대한내과학회지

Meckel diverticulum is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal system. Although it is commonly asymptomatic in adults, Meckel diverticulum can lead to intussusception, volvulus, inflammatory adhesions, or an internal hernia. However, small bowel obstruction due to a mesodiverticular band of Meckel diverticulum is rare. We report a case of a 24-year-old man who complained of abdominal pain and vomiting caused by recurrent small bowel obstruction. He had undergone no previous abdominal surgery. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a transition point at the mid-to-distal ileum. To identify the cause of the obstruction, we performed single-balloon enteroscopy, which revealed extrinsic compression at the proximal ileum 100 cm from the ileocecal valve. After marking the obstruction site, subsequent laparoscopy revealed a Meckel diverticulum with a mesodiverticular band, which entrapped a bowel loop and caused the recurrent small bowel obstruction. The patient was treated successfully with laparoscopic diverticulectomy.

Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in a Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis treated with Etanercept

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, commonly characterized by inflammation of axial skeleton and development of enthesopathies. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) shows good therapeutic responses in AS patients without good response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although TNFi are relatively safe for AS patients, serious opportunistic infections, including tuberculosis and fungal infection, could develop. Here, according to our knowledge, we report a first Korean case of pulmonary cryptococcosis in a patient with AS treated with etanercept. A 64 year-old man with AS visited due to a newly appeared pulmonary nodule on a routine chest radiography. He had been administered etanercept for 5 months. Histologic findings of the lung nodule showed characteristic features of cryptococcosis. Etanercept was discontinued and oral fluconazole was administrated, as there was no evidence of central nervous system involvement. After 7 months of treatment, chest CT showed an improvement of the pulmonary lesion.